ADVERBS OF MANNER AND ADVERBS USED IN COMPARISONS

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ADVERBS OF MANNER AND ADVERBS USED IN COMPARISONS
1. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner are the largest group of adverbs. Most adverbs of manner are closely related to corresponding adjectives. Although some words can be used as either adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives.

a. Spelling rules for adding ly
In most cases, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
bad badly
complete completely
normal normally
surprising surprisingly

i. Adjectives ending in ic
However, when the adjective ends in ic, the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
dramatic dramatically
scientific scientifically
specific specifically


ii. Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant, the final e is usually changed to y, to form the ly ending. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
favorable favorably
humble humbly
simple simply

When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
agile agilely
sole solely

However, in the case of the adjective whole, the final e is removed before the ending ly is added:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
whole wholly


iii. Adjectives ending in ll
When the adjective ends in ll, only y is added. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
dull dully
full fully
shrill shrilly


iv. Adjectives ending in ue
When the adjective ends in ue, the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
due duly
true truly


v. Adjectives ending in y
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
busy busily
easy easily
happy happily

However, in the case of the adjectives shy and sly, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
shy shyly
sly slyly

When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective. For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
coy coyly
grey greyly

However, in the case of the adjective gay, y is changed to i before the ending ly is added:

Adjective Adverb of Manner
gay gaily


See Exercise 1.

It should be noted that while most adverbs which end in ly are adverbs of manner, other types of adverb may also end in ly. For instance, consequently and subsequently are connecting adverbs. The following are adverbs of frequency which are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives.

Adjective Adverb of Frequency
frequent frequently
rare rarely
usual usually


b. Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective, good. Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form best.

Adjective Adverb of Manner
good well

It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb, the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy. The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjective.
e.g. Well used as an Adjective: I hope you are well.
Well used as an Adverb: He did well on the examination.
In the first example, well is a predicate adjective, modifying the pronoun you. In the second example, well is an adverb of manner, modifying the verb did.

The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner, location, time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives.

Adjective Adverb of Manner
fast fast
hard hard
little little
loud loud or loudly
much much
straight straight

Adjective Adverb of Location
far far
high high
low low
near near
wide wide

Adjective Adverb of Time
early early
first first
late late
long long

Adjective Adverb of Frequency
daily daily
monthly monthly
weekly weekly
yearly yearly


See Exercise 2.

It should also be noted that there are several adjectives ending in ly which have no corresponding adverbs:

friendly
likely
lively
lonely
silly
ugly

When it is desired to use one of these words to modify a verb, an adverb phrase of manner may be used. In the following examples, the adverb phrases are underlined.
e.g. He behaved in a friendly manner.
They acted in a silly way.

The following table gives examples of pairs of adverbs which are closely related, but which have different meanings.

Adverbs With and Without ly Endings

Adverb Meaning Adverb Meaning
hard with effort hardly scarcely
high opposite of low highly very; very well
late opposite of early lately recently
near opposite of far nearly almost
wide opposite of narrow widely commonly

The meanings of these adverbs are illustrated in the following examples.
e.g. I worked hard.
I have hardly enough time to finish.

He threw the ball high into the air.
He is highly successful in what he does.

The class began late.
The weather has been cold lately.

I held my breath as the squirrel crept near to get the nuts.
I have nearly finished reading the book.

I opened the door wide.
That theory is widely believed.

c. The differing functions of adjectives and adverbs
When an adverb differs in form from a corresponding adjective, it is necessary to distinguish between the functions of adjectives and adverbs in order to determine which form should be used in a given situation.

Whereas adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, and expressions which serve the same grammatical functions as nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

i. Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify verbs
The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify verbs. The adjectives and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which are modified are underlined.
e.g. Adjective: It has been a quiet afternoon.
Adverb: The afternoon passed quietly.

Adjective: She is a good musician.
Adverb: She plays the flute very well.

In the first pair of sentences, the adjective quiet modifies the noun afternoon, whereas the adverb quietly modifies the verb passed. In the second pair of sentences, the adjective good modifies the noun musician, whereas the adverb well modifies the verb plays.

In informal English, adjectives are sometimes used to modify verbs.
e.g. She plays good.
In this example, the adjective good is used to modify the verb plays. However, this use of adjectives is considered to be grammatically incorrect.

See Exercise 3.

ii. Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify adjectives
The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify adjectives.
e.g. Adjective: a large wooden building
Adverb: a largely wooden building

Adjective: conspicuous dark clouds
Adverb: conspicuously dark clouds

In the first pair of phrases, the adjective large modifies the noun building, and the adverb largely modifies the adjective wooden. Thus, the phrase a large wooden building has the meaning a big wooden building, whereas the phrase a largely wooden building has the meaning a building mostly made of wood.

In the second pair of phrases, the adjective conspicuous modifies the noun clouds, and the adverb conspicuously modifies the adjective dark. Thus, the phrase conspicuous dark clouds means that the clouds themselves are noticeable; whereas the phrase conspicuously dark clouds means that the darkness of the clouds is noticeable.

See Exercise 4.

iii. Predicate adjectives which modify the subjects of verbs compared with adverbs which modify verbs
As pointed out previously, certain verbs, called linking verbs, can be followed by predicate adjectives. A distinction must be made between predicate adjectives which modify the subjects of linking verbs, and adverbs which modify verbs.

A few linking verbs, such as the verb to be, can be followed by predicate adjectives, but cannot be modified by adverbs of manner. In the following examples using the verb to be, the nouns which are modified are underlined.
e.g. He is happy.
The wind was strong.
In these examples, the predicate adjectives happy and strong modify the subjects he and wind.

However, there are several verbs which can be used either as linking verbs followed by predicate adjectives, or as non-linking verbs modified by adverbs of manner. The following examples illustrate the use of the verb to appear as a linking verb and as a non-linking verb.
e.g. Linking Verb: His uncle appeared kind.
Non-linking Verb: His uncle appeared punctually at ten o'clock.

In the first example, kind is a predicate adjective which modifies the noun uncle. In the second example, punctually is an adverb of manner which modifies the verb appeared.

The verbs below can be used either as linking or non-linking verbs:

to appear to become
to feel to grow
to look to remain
to smell to sound
to taste to turn

If the subject of the verb is to be modified, a predicate adjective is required after such verbs; whereas if the verb is to be modified, an adverb is required. In the pairs of examples below, the verbs to grow, to look and to turn are used first as linking verbs followed by adjectives, and then as non-linking verbs modified by adverbs. The adjectives and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which are modified are underlined.

e.g. Adjective: As he became old, he grew slow at remembering dates.
Adverb: The tree grew slowly.

Adjective: They looked anxious.
Adverb: We looked anxiously up the street.

Adjective: The weather turned cold.
Adverb: She turned coldly away from the salesman.

In these examples, the predicate adjectives slow, anxious and cold modify the subjects he, they and weather; whereas the adverbs of manner slowly, anxiously and coldly modify the verbs grew, looked and turned.

See Exercise 5.


2. Adverbs used in comparisons

a. The formation of comparative and superlative forms of adverbs
It should be noted that many adverbs, such as sometimes, never, here, there, now, then, first, again, yesterday and daily have no comparative or superlative forms.

i. Adverbs used with More and Most
Most adverbs used in comparisons, including those formed from corresponding adjectives by adding the ending ly, form the comparative with the word more, and the superlative with the word most. For example:

Positive Form Comparative Form Superlative Form
carefully more carefully most carefully
easily more easily most easily
frequently more frequently most frequently
slowly more slowly most slowly
softly more softly most softly


ii. Adverbs used with the endings er and est
Adverbs which have the same positive forms as corresponding adjectives generally also have the same comparative and superlative forms as the corresponding adjectives. For example:

Positive Form Comparative Form Superlative Form
early earlier earliest
fast faster fastest
hard harder hardest
high higher highest
late later latest
long longer longest
low lower lowest
near nearer nearest
straight straighter straightest

The adverb of time soon also uses the endings er and est:

Positive Form Comparative Form Superlative Form
soon sooner soonest

It should be noted that adverbs formed by adding ly to one-syllable adjectives are sometimes used with the endings er and est.
e.g. We walked slower and slower.
They sang the softest.

However, in modern English, it is generally considered to be more correct to write:
We walked more and more slowly.
They sang the most softly.

iii. Irregular adverbs
The irregular adverbs have the same comparative and superlative forms as the corresponding irregular adjectives:

Positive Form Comparative Form Superlative Form
badly worse worst
far farther or further farthest or furthest
little less least
much more most
well better best


b. Positive forms of adverbs used in comparisons
The constructions employed when adverbs are used in comparisons are very similar to those employed when adjectives are used in comparisons.

i. The construction with As ... As
When used in making comparisons, the positive form of an adverb is usually preceded and followed by as. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

as + positive form + as
of adverb

I can run as fast as you can.
He moves as slowly as a snail.
Her eyes shone as brightly as stars.

If desired, an adverb may be placed before the first occurrence of as:

adverb + as + positive form + as
of adverb

I can run twice as fast as you can.
Her eyes shone almost as brightly as stars.


ii. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is often employed in comparisons using adverbs. For instance, in the second half of such comparisons, instead of repeating the verb, the first auxiliary may be used, or the verb may be omitted entirely. In the following examples, the words which would usually be omitted are enclosed in square brackets.
e.g. I can run as fast as you can [run].
He moves as slowly as a snail [moves].
Her eyes shone as brightly as stars [shine].

c. Comparative forms of adverbs used in comparisons

i. The construction with Than
When used in making comparisons, the comparative form of an adverb is usually followed by than. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

comparative form + than
of adverb

He can swim farther than I can.
She sings more beautifully than her sister does.

As is the case with comparisons using adjectives, comparisons using adverbs can be combined with phrases or clauses.
e.g. She performs better in front of an audience than she does in rehearsal.
They walked faster when they were on their way to school than they did
when they were on their way home.

In the first example, the two situations being compared are distinguished by the phrases in front of an audience and in rehearsal. In the second example, the two situations being compared are distinguished by the clauses when they were on their way to school and when they were on their way home. The use of ellipsis should be noted. In the first example, the auxiliary does is used instead of repeating the verb performs. In the second example, the auxiliary did is used instead of repeating the verb walked.

See Exercise 6.

ii. Progressive comparisons
The comparative forms of adverbs can be used in progressive comparisons. For adverbs with the ending er, the following construction is used:

comparative form + and + comparative form
of adverb of adverb

e.g. The plane flew higher and higher.
The team performed better and better.

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:
e.g. The plane flew increasingly high.
The team performed increasingly well.

For adverbs which form the comparative with more, the following construction is used:

more + and + more + positive form
of adverb

He solved the problems more and more easily.
We visited them more and more frequently.

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:
e.g. He solved the problems increasingly easily.
We visited them increasingly frequently.

iii. The construction with Less and Less
A similar construction, employing the expression less and less, can also be used. The expressions less and less and more and more have opposite meanings.

less + and + less + positive form
of adverb

He solved the problems less and less easily.
We visited them less and less frequently.

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:
e.g. He solved the problems decreasingly easily.
We visited them decreasingly frequently.

See Exercise 7.

iv. The construction with The ..., the ...
Two clauses, each beginning with the, and each containing a comparative form of an adjective or adverb, can be used together in order to indicate a cause and effect relationship between two different things or events. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

comparative 1st part of comparative 2nd part of
The + form of adverb + comparison, + the + form of adverb + comparison
or adjective or adjective

The more they eat, the fatter they get.
The faster we skated, the warmer we felt.

The following are further examples of the use of this type of construction. In these examples, the comparative forms are underlined.
e.g. The more cleverly we hid the Easter eggs, the more enthusiastically the children searched for them.
The more I scold her, the worse she behaves.
As shown in the examples, in this type of construction the two clauses beginning with the must be separated by a comma.

d. Superlative forms of adverbs used in comparisons

i. The construction with The
When used in making comparisons, the superlative form of an adverb is usually preceded by the. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

the + superlative form
of adverb

He jumped the highest of all the boys in the class.
Our team plays the best of all the teams in the league.
They sing the most sweetly of all the choirs I have heard.

See Exercises 8 and 9.

In the case of adverbs which form the superlative with the ending est, the superlative is sometimes preceded by a possessive adjective, instead of by the definite article, the. In the following examples, the possessive adjectives are printed in bold type.
e.g. He ran his fastest.
I did my best.

ii. The construction with The Least
Adverbs may also be preceded by the expression the least. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples. The words least and most have opposite meanings.

the + least + positive form
of adverb

She speaks the least loudly of all the children.
This bus runs the least often.

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122 VIERNES, FRANCIS BIEN JAN MANON-OG – VILLANUEVA, MARIA LIEFE CHARMAINE EPISTOLA
123 VILLANUEVA, MARIELLE IRIS PETILLA – VIRTUDAZO, HERLYN JOY BERNAT
124 VIRTUS, ANNE KAY PENA – YAP, KIM DANYA ROSALES
125 YAP, KIMBERLY SANTO – ZABALDICA, MARIEM SHEM OREA
126 ZABALLERO, CHIARA MAY MAJORENOS – ZUNIGA, MARLA MENDOZA

happy ??? anniversary to you!

RIZAL COLLEGE OF LAGUNA

National hi-way, Parian Calamba City

Tel. Nos.: 545-1180 & 502-0244





4-year Bachelor of art (AB)

The Bachelor of Arts program in Rizal College of Laguna is designed to develop the needs of the students for varied employment opportunities. It is designed to make students become proficient in oral and written communication, expository and creative writing research and to have deep interest in humanities and the significance of human event.





4-year Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSEd)

There is always a great demand of qualified teachers all over the country. The bachelor of secondary education course aims to prepare and train future high school teachers, supervisors and school administrators. The major filed in this course are English and Filipino.





4-year Bachelor of Science in business administration (BSBA)

A graduate of Bachelor of Science in business administration has sufficient knowledge in the administration and office management like filling records, reports on data, making reports, communications, business management, and decision making with managerial ability.



4-year Bachelor of Science in office Administration (BSOA)

The Bachelor of Science in office Administration gives more emphasis in the computer and office management making proficient personnel both in office works and in administration.





4-year bachelor in science in industrial technology (BSIT)

The bachelor in science in industrial technology course trains students in basic electricity, writing schemes, practices and principles of plant and industrial power uses controls and electrical safety maintenance programs in circuit and estimation of power load as preparation for their work in factories and industries.





Bachelor of Science in industrial education (BSIEd)

The Bachelor of Science in industrial education course has training in home technology, home management hygiene and processes, safety standards and accident prevention, home care and practices including industrial education preparations as employable skills in teaching and home management, arts and culture.





1-year computer hardware servicing (technical course)

The computer hardware servicing consists of competencies that must possess to enable to diagnose and troubleshoot problems in personal computer system, software, replace parts and get system back to normal operation.





4-year academic secondary course (high school department)

The secondary course curriculum of Rizal College of Laguna prepares students in acquiring employable skills, values education and academic studies preparation for college pursuits.





SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS



Entrance scholarships



Valedictorian – 100% free tuition fee, graduating class of 50 students.

Salutatorian – 75% free tuition fee, graduating class of 50 students.



ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS



FULL– 100% free tuition fee normal load of 18 units for one semester maybe granted to students who obtain a general weighted average between 1.00 and 1.5 with no grade below 885 or 1.5.



PARTIAL – 50% reduction in tuition fee for normal load of at least 18 units for one semester maybe granted to students who obtained a general weighted average between 1.5 to 1.65 and no grade below 86%or 1.65.



SPECIAL SCHOLARSHIP

Ruperto P. Mariano (RPM) scholarship program

Lucita B. Mariano (LBM) scholarship program





Requirements for admission/enrollment College and technical departments


Form 138 or High school report card
certification of good moral character from the principal/guidance counselor
Xerox copy of birth certificate
Three (3) copies of 2×2 pictures



4-year academic secondary course
Grade six form 138 or elementary report card
Certification of good moral character from the principal/guidance counselor
Xerox copy of birth certificate
three (3) copies of 2×2 picture

List of Philippine Holidays 2010

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has recently signed the Presidential Proclamation 1841 listing down all the legal and special holidays for 2010.

Year 2010’s legal holidays as listed in the Presidential Proclamation 1841 are as follows:

January 1 – New Year’s Day
April 1 – Maundy Thursday
April 2 – Good Friday
April 9 -Araw ng Kagitingan
May 1 – Labor Day
May 10- National elections
June 14 – Independence Day (June 14, Monday nearest June 12),
August 30 – National Heroes Day (August 30, last Monday of August), November 29 – Bonifacio Day (November 29, Monday nearest November 30)
December 25 – Christmas Day
December 27 – Rizal Day (December 27, Monday nearest December 30).

The Special Holidays are as follows:

February 22 – EDSA Day (Holiday for Schools)
August 23 – Ninoy Aquino Day (August 23, Monday nearest Aug August 23),
November 1 – All Saints Day
December 24 – Christmas Eve
December 31- Last day of the year.

do this quote a nonsense or a reality?

I just read a post from somebody. It's worth reading. Try nyo!


1. "Kung hindi mo mahal ang isang tao, wag ka nang magpakita ng motibo para mahalin ka nya.."

2. "Huwag mong bitawan ang bagay na hindi mo kayang makitang hawak ng iba."

3. "Huwag mong hawakan kung alam mong bibitawan mo lang.

4. "Huwag na huwag ka hahawak kapag alam mong may hawak ka na."

5. "Parang elevator lang yan eh, bakit mo pagsisiksikan yung sarili mo kung walang pwesto para sayo. Eh meron naman hagdan, ayaw mo lang pansinin."

6. "Kung maghihintay ka nang lalandi sayo, walang mangyayari sa buhay mo.. Dapat lumandi ka din."

7. "Pag may mahal ka at ayaw sayo, hayaan mo. Malay mo sa mga susunod na araw ayaw mo na din sa kanya, naunahan ka lang."

8. "Hiwalayan na kung di ka na masaya. Walang gamot sa pagiging t@nga kundi pagkukusa."

9. "Pag hindi ka mahal ng mahal mo wag ka magreklamo. Kasi may mga tao rin na di mo mahal pero mahal ka.. Kaya quits lang."

10. "Kung dalawa ang mahal mo, piliin mo yung pangalawa. Kasi hindi ka naman magmamahal ng iba kung mahal mo talaga yung una."

11. "Hindi porke't madalas mong ka-chat, kausap sa telepono, kasama sa mga lakad o ka-text ng wantusawa eh may gusto sayo at magkakatuluyan kayo. Meron lang talagang mga taong sadyang friendly, sweet, flirt, malandi, pa-fall o paasa."

12. "Huwag magmadali sa babae o lalaki. Tatlo, lima, sampung taon, mag-iiba ang pamantayan mo at maiisip mong hindi pala tamang pumili ng kapareha dahil lang maganda o nakakalibog ito. Totoong mas mahalaga ang kalooban ng tao higit sa anuman. Sa paglipas ng panahon, maging ang mga crush ng bayan nagmumukha ding pandesal, maniwala ka.

13. "Minsan kahit ikaw ang nakaschedule, kailangan mo pa rin maghintay, kasi hindi ikaw ang priority."
14. "Mahirap pumapel sa buhay ng tao. Lalo na kung hindi ikaw yung bida sa script na pinili nya."

15. "Alam mo ba kung gaano kalayo ang pagitan ng dalawang tao pag nagtalikuran na sila? Kailangan mong libutin ang buong mundo para lang makaharap ulit ang taong tinalikuran mo."

16. “Mas mabuting mabigo sa paggawa ng isang bagay kesa magtagumpay sa paggawa ng wala”

17. “Hindi lahat ng kaya mong intindihin ay katotohan, at hindi lahat ng hindi mo kayang intindihin ay kasinungalingan”

18. "Kung nagmahal ka ng taong di dapat at nasaktan ka, wag mong sisihin ang puso mo. Tumitibok lng yan para mag-supply ng dugo sa katawan mo. Ngayon, kung magaling ka sa anatomy at ang sisisihin mo naman ay ang hypothalamus mo na kumokontrol ng emotions mo, mali ka pa rin! Bakit? Ut@ng na loob! Wag mong isisi sa body organs mo ang mga sama ng loob mo sa buhay! Tandaan mo: magiging masaya ka lang kung matututo kang tanggapin na hindi ang puso, utak, atay o bituka mo ang may kasalanan sa lahat ng nangyari sayo, kundi IKAW mismo!"

19. "Ang pag-ibig parang imburnal...nakakatakot mahulog...at kapag nahulog ka, it's either by accident or talagang t@nga ka.."

20. "Lahat naman ng tao sumeseryoso pag tinamaan ng pagmamahal. Yun nga lang, hindi lahat matibay para sa temptasyon."

21. "Gamitin ang puso para alagaan ang taong malapit sayo. Gamitin ang utak para alagaan ang sarili mo."

22. "Bakit ba ayaw matulog ng mga bata sa tanghali? alam ba nilang pag natuto silang umibig eh hindi na sila makakatulog kahit gusto nila?
23. "Hindi lungkot o takot ang mahirap sa pag-iisa kundi ang pagtanggap na sa bilyon-bilyong tao sa mundo, wala man lang nakipaglaban upang makasama ka."

To the one who posted this, thanks. Nauntog ako ulit!

Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions

An idiom, also known as idiomatic expression, is a phrase or
sentence, whose meaning is completely different from the
literal meaning of the words comprising the idiom or idiomatic
expression. However idioms and idiomatic expressions have
become widely used because they convey clear and
meaningful messages in very few words that would otherwise
be lengthy to explain in non-idiomatic manner. Idioms are
previously considered informal expressions but because of
their widespread use idiomatic expressions have found
acceptance in formal communications as well.


Here are examples of idioms and the meaning behind these
idiomatic expressions:


Above and beyond – more than what is normally required. The off-duty
policeman chased and caught the bag snatcher; his action was above
and beyond what was expected of him since he was not on duty at that
time.

Beyond the call of duty – in addition to what is required in the normal
course of performing one’s job. The fireman went back to the burning
house to rescue the cat; he acted beyond his call of duty.

Above suspicion – having a reputation for honesty that no one would
suspect you of wrongdoing. The teacher was elected club treasurer
because she is known to be completely above suspicion.

Ace in a hole – something or someone held in reserve to turn things
around later. The new recruit is the team’s ace in the hole to improve
their standing in the sports competition this year.

Acid test – a test whose result is considered to be conclusive or
beyond doubt. The DNA result will be the acid test that will determine if
the authorities caught the real culprit in the crime.

Across the board – Shared equally by everyone. The company
management decided to give salary increases to the employees
across the board.

Act as someone – to act or perform, temporarily or permanently, in the
capacity of someone else. I’ll act as your interim trainer until your
regular trainer comes back from his business trip in the province.

Act of God – an event for which no person is responsible for; a natural
event such as typhoon, earthquake, volcanic eruption, lightning, and
similar acts of nature. The insurance company did not pay for the
damage to their properties because it was caused by an act of God.

Act of war – an intentional act of hostility or violence so severe that war
is considered to be an appropriate response. The attack on the Twin
Towers in New York was considered by the Americans as an act of war
by the terrorists.

Add fuel to the fire – to do something that makes a bad situation
worse. The customer is already agitated so do not add fuel to the fire
by ignoring his plea for help.

Afraid of one’s own shadow – easily suspicious or frightened. Since
you told him of the hair-raising urban legend above the jail escapee he
has become afraid of his own shadow.
.
After all is said and done – when everything is discussed and acted
on. After all is said and done, everyone went home satisfied with the
result of the town meeting.

After hours – after the regular or normal time. Jim and Tom hang
around the cocktail lounge after hours.

After the fact – after an incident has occurred. Jake expressed
remorse for his crime after the fact.

Against someone’s will – to do something without a person’s
agreement or consent. You cannot force him to join your activities
against his will.

Against the clock – in a race with time; to get something done with
urgency. The doctors operated on the accident victim against the clock
Babe in the woods – an inexperienced or naïve person. Benjie might
be an expert mason but he is still a babe in the woods when it comes
to carpentry.

Back to square one – To start again at the beginning (as in a board
game.) The proposal was rejected by the customer so the vendor was
back to square one.

Back to the drawing board - To start and try another plan or course of
action when the first one did not work out as expected. The customer
was not happy with the building plan so the engineering consultant
was back to square one.

Bad blood – feeling of animosity between two persons or among a
group of people. There is bad blood between the two families.

Bad-mouth someone – to say unpleasant or bad things about
someone. Leo and Tess are bad-mouthing each other since their
relationship broke up.

Bait and switch - a deceptive practice of advertising a product to make
people to go to the store but once inside the store the customer is
enticed to buy a more expensive item. The saleslady told me that the
advertised cell phone is sold out but I think the item was just a bait and
switch.

Bark up the wrong tree – to ask or argue with the wrong person.
Nothing will come out of your complain because you’re barking up the
wrong tree.

Cast the first stone - to be the first one to criticize or accuse. The
crowd burst into sudden uproar when the thief was caught that it was
hard to tell who cast the first stone.

Catch someone red-handed – to catch someone in the act of doing
something wrong that one cannot deny doing it. The barangay tanod
caught the pick-pocket red-handed.

Catch someone’s eye – to have eye contact with someone or to attract
someone’s attention. The lady in red dress caught someone’s eye at
the party.

Come what may – no matter what may happen, or what the
consequence may be. I’m not joining your game, come what may.

Come with the territory – to be expected to happen under the
circumstances. The heckling by some people in the audience comes
with the territory when you are a politician.

Commit something to memory – to memorize something. I didn’t have
a pen and paper at that time so I have to commit to my memory her
phone number.

Cool it! – to calm down or to pacify. Tell the guys in the audience to cool
it and stop heckling the speaker.

Dog-eat-dog – a situation in which someone has to act ruthlessly to
survive or get ahead of other people. It’s a dog-eat-dog in the world of
politics when election time comes.
Give someone the benefit of the doubt – to make a favorable
judgment or impression to an individual when the evidence or proof is
unclear as to being in favor or against that individual. I know him as an
honest person so I gave him the benefit of the doubt.


Have the time of his/her life – to have a very good time or most exciting
moment in one’s life. The bride was having the time of her life during
the wedding reception.


Look to one's laurels - to be on guard against rivals. You need to look
at one's laurels to stay ahead of the competition.


Luck out – to get lucky; be fortunate. The new hire lucked out because
he was not among those employees who get laid off.


Over the long haul – over a long period of time. Your training will be
hard but it will improve your stamina over the long haul.


Over the short haul – over a short period of time. The business plan
looks unprofitable but only in the short haul.


Pad the bill – to include miscellaneous unnecessary items to increase
the amount of a bill or invoice. The employee got into trouble for
padding the bill when he submitted his travel expenses.


Pain in the neck – bothersome, annoying. His new roommate is a pain
in the neck.


Rest on one's laurels - to stop striving for further success or accolade.
Do not rest on your laurels if you want to be successful in life.


Roll the sleeves up – To start getting some work done. Let’s roll our
sleeves up before our manager walks in.


Rough someone up – to harm someone physically. The thugs rough
someone up so we had to call the police.


Rule of thumb – a rough guide; an approximation for making quick
estimate. As a rule of thumb one should do warm up exercises for 5
minutes before starting to jog
Safe and sound – unharmed and in good shape physically – The ship
ran into some rough waters but we arrived at the harbor safe and
sound.


Sail under false color – to pretend to be different to mislead
somebody. I don’t trust the candidate because I have a feeling he is
sailing under false color.


Save the day – to do something that results positively when the
opposite results has been expected all along. Many in the audience
taught that we will lose the game but our team captain saved the day
for us.


See the writing on the wall – to become aware that something is
about to happen; to be clear about something. You need to study
harder in your history subject or you’re going to fail in the exams. Can’t
you see the writing on the wall?


Small fry – insignificant things; unimportant persons. The policemen
raided the hideout of the suspected robbers but all they caught were
the small fry.

The term small fry refers to small fish. "You go after the big fish, and
ignore the small fry."


Small print – that part of a document that easily gets unnoticed
because it is printed in smaller print than the rest of document but it
contains important information that someone should be aware of. Be
sure you read and understand the small print in the contract before you
accept and sign it.


Smell a rat – to be suspicious that something is wrong or someone is
about to commit a wrongdoing. The onlooker smelled a rat so he
walked away from the crowd in the plaza.


Too good to be true – so good that it is hard to believe. The teachers
got a hefty pay raise; it was too good to be true.


To put it mildly – to understate something in an attempt to be polite or
courteous. To put it mildly, the guest speaker came in unprepared for
his speech.


To the letter – precisely; to do exactly according to written instructions.
The installation was perfect because the workers followed the
instructions to the letter

KINDS OF ADVERBS

RELATIVE ADVERBS

The following adverbs can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause:
where, when, why

Examples:

* That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
(where = at/in which)
* I remember the day when we first met.
(when = on which)
* There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
(when = in which)
* Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
(why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase 'the reason for which')